INDEPENDENCE AND PARTITION
"Never before, in the entire history of the Muslim League, we did something, if not by constitutional methods and through the constitutional negotiations. Today, we are forced into this position is a move by the Congress, both of England. (...) Today we say goodbye the constitutions and constitutional methods' [Speech by Mohammed Ali Jinnah at the plenary session of the Muslim League in Mumbai on 27-29 July 1946]. With these words Jinnah (now president of
All-India Muslim League - following the Muslim League - in 1938, small and medium-party assurance of landed gentry, established in 1906 in Dhaka - now the capital of Bangladesh - by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah) was expressed in the aftermath of the failure of the British mission that was intended to refer to the major Indian leaders, in pursuit of a proposed devolution of power in India that would be acceptable to all parties. The failure was due to the opposition of Jawaharlal Nehru (in 1929 rose to the presidency of the Indian National Congress - or simply "Congress" - a mass party of the current moderate founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Surendranath Banerjee, Chandra Womesh Bonnerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji and others) to a plan which provided for a federal union of India with limited powers limited to defense, foreign affairs and communications. All other powers would go to the provinces, which would be combined into three groups with their own government and their legislature. Nehru, however, called for a Union with much wider powers than those provided by the mission. At the break he policy followed by the beginning of a period of chaos in the subcontinent, a prelude to a low intensity civil war characterized by inter-community clashes and bloodshed that would accompany partition.
At that point, February 20, 1947, comes the new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, so eager to settle the issue of the British Raj that only took seventy days to dismantle the colonial empire in India when the British themselves to build it took three hundred years . The plan to divide India by Pakistan was created by VP Menon, then segreterario of Lord Mountbatten, in four hours. According to this plan, with the Anglo-Indian division of the empire (what he called Gandhi
the "vivisection of a nation '), powers were transferred to two dominions: India and Pakistan (each of which, at a later time, could secede from the Commonwealth). The various Indian provinces were to accede to either dominion. The matter would be taken by the legislative assemblies of each province. The project of partition, finalized on 11 May 1947, staff gained instant membership of Nehru and soon after was approved by Congress and representatives of the Sikh June 2 and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, on behalf of the Muslim League, the day after . On 18 July, on the basis of this plan, the British Parliament ratified the India Independence Act and, under pressure from Mountbatten, the date of the end of the raj was brought forward to August 14, 1947 (compared to the previously referred to as coincident, at the latest, by June 1948).
the night of August 14, 1947, in front of the Constituent Assembly in New Delhi, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru delivered a historic speech broadcast by radio to the entire population of India: "Many years ago we made an appointment with destiny, and now the time has come when we will maintain our commitment, not wholly or in full way, but substantially. At the stroke of midnight, when the world will sleep, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment arrives - And comes only rarely in history - when we leave behind the old to the new, when an age ends and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds expression. " That is how Pakistan and India on 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively. They were born in a bloodbath that accompanied the partion since, as rightly said Jaswant Singh, famous Indian politician and writer,
"This was not a natural birth, but a Caesarean . The fundamentals of the construction of the two states diverged radically. The existence and success of India a secular, multicultural, multiethnic and multi-challenged the basic elements of the homeland of the Muslims. Pakistan, the "Land of the Pure," was intended by Jinnah and his Muslim League as it believed the only way to protect the rights of the Muslims of the subcontinent and not be crushed under the weight of the numerical superiority of the Hindus. On the occasion of the Muslim League session in Lahore in March 1940, Mohammed Ali Jinnah announced for the first time the theory of two nations:
"Mussalmans (Muslims) Came to India as conquerors, traders and preachers and Brought Them with Their Own culture and civilization. They Reformed and remoulded the sub-continent of India. Today, the hundred million in Mussalmans (British) India Represent the largest compact body of Muslim population in Any single part of the world. We are a nation with Our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, value and proportion, legal Laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and Traditions, aptitude and ambitions, in short We have Our distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law we are a nation '.
An ideology, in some ways similar to Zionism and its advocated Jewish national identity, under which Muslims constituted a nation and a civilization different, distinct and separate from the Indian / Hindu, for historical and cultural reasons, according this theory for the first time the merger was explicitly requested of "areas where Muslims were a numerical majority 'to form ' independent states'. The basis for this thought had already been justified under the colonial authorities when they, for splitting and defuse the nascent nationalist movement endorsed the Morley-Minto constitutional reforms in 1909, which introduced separate electorates for the "distinct political communities and civilians." On the other hand Nehru contributed substantially to the radicalization of political positions of the Muslim League as the political compromise with the latter more often preferred to the intransigence and confrontation, in this way Jinnah - the man who he earned the title of
'Hindu-Muslim unity ambassador "for his stubborn research work of an alliance between the Congress and the Muslim League - came to catalyze around himself the most anti-Muslim policies Congress. In a dispatch from the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi addressed to the State Department dated 22 April 1947, he commented, 'The present unhappy situation is as much a result of Congress leaders' ineptitude and Lack of political vision of Mr. Jinnah's intransigence as . Had Congress leaders put aside Their Fears Regarding the effect of the Cabinet Mission plan on their party's position in Assam, the Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province, Mr. Jinnah Would not Have Been Provided with a logical basis for the Muslim League's current stand, and India Might today Have Been Laying the ground-work for a united country INSTEAD of facing the prospect of Balkanization " [in Dennix Kux, The United States and Pakistan Disenchanted Allies 1947-2000]. After bundling of those areas where Muslims were a majority, Pakistan was born with a unique conformation of two blocks located to the west and east of the Union of India: West Pakistan comprised the Muslim-majority provinces of Balochistan, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province and the western part of Punjab, along which ran the new international boundary with India, East Pakistan was born on the eastern part of Bengal except Calcutta. The implementation of the ambiguous idea of \u200b\u200bPakistan (Jinnah saw something behind this concept is still a matter of debate, but it is clear that in his original intentions he thought a stronger political position for the Muslim minority within the frame state of India units) and the subsequent partition on religious lines necessarily involve the movement of huge masses of people especially in the two multi-confessional and multiethnic states of Punjab and Bengal. This was what actually happened. About 12 million people had to flee their homes and move to either side of the border, this huge exodus was accompanied by a macabre dance of death made up of inter-sectarian violence and massacres.
ps: As I posted right here on the blog is still a draft, subject to constant alterations, further modifications, additions, corrections, may also be received in response to comments / suggestions on this blog or on Facebook. In the coming days I will publish the next act, to give you time to absorb them ... if you ever have the courage to engage yourself in reading! ;-)
All-India Muslim League - following the Muslim League - in 1938, small and medium-party assurance of landed gentry, established in 1906 in Dhaka - now the capital of Bangladesh - by Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah) was expressed in the aftermath of the failure of the British mission that was intended to refer to the major Indian leaders, in pursuit of a proposed devolution of power in India that would be acceptable to all parties. The failure was due to the opposition of Jawaharlal Nehru (in 1929 rose to the presidency of the Indian National Congress - or simply "Congress" - a mass party of the current moderate founded in 1885 by Allan Octavian Hume, Surendranath Banerjee, Chandra Womesh Bonnerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji and others) to a plan which provided for a federal union of India with limited powers limited to defense, foreign affairs and communications. All other powers would go to the provinces, which would be combined into three groups with their own government and their legislature. Nehru, however, called for a Union with much wider powers than those provided by the mission. At the break he policy followed by the beginning of a period of chaos in the subcontinent, a prelude to a low intensity civil war characterized by inter-community clashes and bloodshed that would accompany partition.
At that point, February 20, 1947, comes the new viceroy, Lord Mountbatten, so eager to settle the issue of the British Raj that only took seventy days to dismantle the colonial empire in India when the British themselves to build it took three hundred years . The plan to divide India by Pakistan was created by VP Menon, then segreterario of Lord Mountbatten, in four hours. According to this plan, with the Anglo-Indian division of the empire (what he called Gandhi
the "vivisection of a nation '), powers were transferred to two dominions: India and Pakistan (each of which, at a later time, could secede from the Commonwealth). The various Indian provinces were to accede to either dominion. The matter would be taken by the legislative assemblies of each province. The project of partition, finalized on 11 May 1947, staff gained instant membership of Nehru and soon after was approved by Congress and representatives of the Sikh June 2 and Mohammed Ali Jinnah, on behalf of the Muslim League, the day after . On 18 July, on the basis of this plan, the British Parliament ratified the India Independence Act and, under pressure from Mountbatten, the date of the end of the raj was brought forward to August 14, 1947 (compared to the previously referred to as coincident, at the latest, by June 1948).
the night of August 14, 1947, in front of the Constituent Assembly in New Delhi, the new prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru delivered a historic speech broadcast by radio to the entire population of India: "Many years ago we made an appointment with destiny, and now the time has come when we will maintain our commitment, not wholly or in full way, but substantially. At the stroke of midnight, when the world will sleep, India will awake to life and freedom. A moment arrives - And comes only rarely in history - when we leave behind the old to the new, when an age ends and when the soul of a nation, long suppressed, finds expression. " That is how Pakistan and India on 14 and 15 August 1947 respectively. They were born in a bloodbath that accompanied the partion since, as rightly said Jaswant Singh, famous Indian politician and writer,
"This was not a natural birth, but a Caesarean . The fundamentals of the construction of the two states diverged radically. The existence and success of India a secular, multicultural, multiethnic and multi-challenged the basic elements of the homeland of the Muslims. Pakistan, the "Land of the Pure," was intended by Jinnah and his Muslim League as it believed the only way to protect the rights of the Muslims of the subcontinent and not be crushed under the weight of the numerical superiority of the Hindus. On the occasion of the Muslim League session in Lahore in March 1940, Mohammed Ali Jinnah announced for the first time the theory of two nations:
"Mussalmans (Muslims) Came to India as conquerors, traders and preachers and Brought Them with Their Own culture and civilization. They Reformed and remoulded the sub-continent of India. Today, the hundred million in Mussalmans (British) India Represent the largest compact body of Muslim population in Any single part of the world. We are a nation with Our own distinctive culture and civilization, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, value and proportion, legal Laws and moral code, customs and calendar, history and Traditions, aptitude and ambitions, in short We have Our distinctive outlook on life and of life. By all canons of international law we are a nation '.
An ideology, in some ways similar to Zionism and its advocated Jewish national identity, under which Muslims constituted a nation and a civilization different, distinct and separate from the Indian / Hindu, for historical and cultural reasons, according this theory for the first time the merger was explicitly requested of "areas where Muslims were a numerical majority 'to form ' independent states'. The basis for this thought had already been justified under the colonial authorities when they, for splitting and defuse the nascent nationalist movement endorsed the Morley-Minto constitutional reforms in 1909, which introduced separate electorates for the "distinct political communities and civilians." On the other hand Nehru contributed substantially to the radicalization of political positions of the Muslim League as the political compromise with the latter more often preferred to the intransigence and confrontation, in this way Jinnah - the man who he earned the title of
'Hindu-Muslim unity ambassador "for his stubborn research work of an alliance between the Congress and the Muslim League - came to catalyze around himself the most anti-Muslim policies Congress. In a dispatch from the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi addressed to the State Department dated 22 April 1947, he commented, 'The present unhappy situation is as much a result of Congress leaders' ineptitude and Lack of political vision of Mr. Jinnah's intransigence as . Had Congress leaders put aside Their Fears Regarding the effect of the Cabinet Mission plan on their party's position in Assam, the Punjab and the Northwest Frontier Province, Mr. Jinnah Would not Have Been Provided with a logical basis for the Muslim League's current stand, and India Might today Have Been Laying the ground-work for a united country INSTEAD of facing the prospect of Balkanization " [in Dennix Kux, The United States and Pakistan Disenchanted Allies 1947-2000]. After bundling of those areas where Muslims were a majority, Pakistan was born with a unique conformation of two blocks located to the west and east of the Union of India: West Pakistan comprised the Muslim-majority provinces of Balochistan, Sindh, North-West Frontier Province and the western part of Punjab, along which ran the new international boundary with India, East Pakistan was born on the eastern part of Bengal except Calcutta. The implementation of the ambiguous idea of \u200b\u200bPakistan (Jinnah saw something behind this concept is still a matter of debate, but it is clear that in his original intentions he thought a stronger political position for the Muslim minority within the frame state of India units) and the subsequent partition on religious lines necessarily involve the movement of huge masses of people especially in the two multi-confessional and multiethnic states of Punjab and Bengal. This was what actually happened. About 12 million people had to flee their homes and move to either side of the border, this huge exodus was accompanied by a macabre dance of death made up of inter-sectarian violence and massacres.
ps: As I posted right here on the blog is still a draft, subject to constant alterations, further modifications, additions, corrections, may also be received in response to comments / suggestions on this blog or on Facebook. In the coming days I will publish the next act, to give you time to absorb them ... if you ever have the courage to engage yourself in reading! ;-)
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